Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应(Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling)

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作者: 百灵威
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Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应(Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling)-百灵威

Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应(又称Buchwald-Hartwig胺化反应)利用钯催化剂和强碱,由芳基卤代物和伯胺或仲胺制成芳胺。先将芳基卤代物氧化加成到钯(0)催化剂上,然后胺配位至钯(II)络合物。强碱有助于使胺去质子化,与钯(II)形成氮键,并取代卤代物。随后发生还原消除生成产物芳胺,并使催化剂再生。

  • 试剂:钯催化剂、碱(NaOt-Bu、LHMDS、K2CO3或Cs2CO3)、溶剂(四氢呋喃、甲苯、二恶烷)
  • 反应物:芳基卤代物、伯胺或仲胺
  • 产物:芳胺
  • 反应类型:交叉偶联
  • 成键:芳基C-N
实验提示
  • 当钯催化剂与螯合膦型配体(如BINAP、DPPF、XANTPHOS和DPBP)或双齿配体(如反式,反式-二亚苄基丙酮)络合时,可获得更高产率[1]
  • 芳基氯化物的胺化可能特别困难,需要很多膦才能达到合理产量[2]。无溶剂方法已被证明可高效解决该难题[3]
  • 反应温度范围从25°C到100°C以上[1]
  • 偶联可以是分子间和分子内的[1]
  • 芳基醚可通过芳基卤代物或三氟甲磺酸酯与脂肪醇或苯酚偶联而形成。
  1. Kürti, L., Czakó, B. (2005). Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis; Background and Detailed Mechanisms. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
  2. Dorel et al. The Buchwald-Hartwig Amination After 25 Years. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 2019, 58(48), 17118–17129.
  3. Chartoire et al. Solvent-free arylamination catalysed by [Pd(NHC)] complexes. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 3840-3843.
反应机理
原始文献
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