Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms ranging from 0.5-10µm in length. They appear in 3 major shapes; spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals (spiralla), and can live and thrive in a multitude of environments, including household surfaces, in plants and animals, hot water springs, and more. Bacteria can live in hotter and colder temperatures than humans, but they do best in a warm, moist, protein-rich environment that is pH neutral or low acid.
Some types of bacteria are beneficial for human health, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus which produces lactase to aid in the digestion of dairy products, while other types of bacteria can cause illnesses, including the strep throat-causing Streptococcal pharyngitis. Bacteria can survive anywhere from several minutes to several months on both hard and soft surfaces, giving them ample opportunity to be transferred to other areas by our hands, and even cleaning supplies like sponges and towels. This in turn allows the bacteria to colonize and thrive on new surfaces, which exacerbates transmission of illnesses including food poisoning and skin infections. As such, it is more beneficial to reduce the chance of bacterial infections, rather than to treat them. This can be done by effectively disinfecting surfaces regularly. The table below summarizes the bacteria's survival time and the proper way to disinfect.